The state of China’s economy in 15 charts: Growth, challenges and expanding global role

A digital representation of the globe highlighting China with interconnected lines symbolizing global connectivity and trade.

China’s economy is undergoing a profound transformation. The world’s second-largest economy remains a manufacturing powerhouse, a global trading giant and an increasingly important leader in emerging technologies. But beneath the impressive numbers lie significant challenges, including a struggling property market, weak consumer confidence, youth unemployment and simmering trade tensions.

Much of the global media coverage has tended toward the extremes: the rising economic power that will overtake the United States and end the American Century — or an over-levered, debt-fueled mess that cannot sustain the government-juiced growth of the past decade and is heading toward inevitable decline.

How can we make sense of these seemingly contradictory and overly simplistic visions?

Sometimes, the best way to understand a complicated economic story is to visualize it.

These 15 charts and infographics examine the state of China’s economy from several different perspectives. They explore the country’s changing economic structure, its expanding global trade relationships, the remarkable growth of electric vehicles and robotics, and its ambitions in artificial intelligence. They also examine the pressures facing Chinese households, workers, property owners and investors.

The graphics reveal an economy of striking contrasts: technological dynamism alongside structural weaknesses, global competitiveness alongside domestic uncertainty, and extraordinary industrial capacity amid questions about future growth.

No single statistic can adequately capture an economy as large and complex as China’s. Taken together, however, these visualizations provide a broader picture of where China stands today, how it got here and what may lie ahead.

They also demonstrate how data visualization can turn complicated economic statistics into accessible stories for an international audience. Enjoy! And please share your feedback and predictions.

Note: I used AI research to help me with find the latest data for this project. I tried to confirm all data that I used. If you see anything that is incorrect, please let me know and I will fix it.

Infographic illustrating China's economic growth and position in the world economy, highlighting GDP, manufacturing dominance, and comparison with other major economies.
Infographic illustrating China's shift from a rural to an urban society, highlighting urbanization statistics, urban population growth, and economic impacts from 1980 to 2024.
Infographic titled 'China's Economic Evolution' showcasing the shift from an agrarian economy to a diverse service-driven economy. Includes graphs on GDP share by sector: agriculture, industry, services, and employment trends from 1980 to projected 2025.
Infographic depicting China's expanding global trade with statistics on total trade volume, world goods trade share, and key trading partners. Highlights include a 21-fold increase in goods trade, a rise to 17.5% of global goods trade, and a significant focus on Asia as China's largest trading partner.
Infographic titled 'China's Infrastructure Transformation' showcasing China's high-speed rail network, world-class ports, expressways, airports, and future infrastructure developments, with statistical data and visual elements highlighting growth from 2000 to 2022.
Infographic titled 'China's Robotics Surge' detailing the increase in industrial robot installations in China, with statistics for 2015 to 2025. It highlights that China installed 354,000 robots in 2025, making up 59% of global installations. Includes bar graph for annual installations, pie charts showing China's share and the role of Chinese suppliers.
Infographic titled 'China's Electric Vehicle Revolution' featuring statistics on China's electric vehicle sales, production, and market share for new-energy vehicles from 2020 to 2025.
Infographic titled 'China's AI Revolution' showing the growth of China's AI industry, global R&D spending, and investment distribution in AI applications. It includes statistics and projections for market value and research funding over the years.
Infographic comparing China's stock markets, highlighting major corporate giants by market capitalization, industry breakdown of companies, and performance growth with volatility from 2015 to 2025.
Infographic titled 'China's Employment Challenge', detailing unemployment rates among young workers, regional unemployment hotspots, and demographic trends. Features statistics for ages 16-24 and 25-29, regional unemployment rates across different areas, and future population estimates for those aged 60 and older.
Infographic detailing China’s housing market trends, showing declines in property investment, construction, and sales for 2025 compared to 2024.
Infographic titled 'China's Debt Challenge: More Than Government Borrowing' detailing China's rising debt across various sectors. It includes graphs showing total debt as a percent of GDP, breakdown by sector for 2025, household debt driven by mortgages, government and corporate debt statistics, and the risks associated with off-budget borrowing.
Bar graph illustrating China's retail sales from 2017 to 2025, showing a growth trend with a notable decline during the pandemic. Sales are measured in trillion yuan, with a projection of 50.1 trillion yuan in 2025.
Line graph displaying China's consumer confidence index from 2017 to 2025, showing a peak of 126.6 in 2019, a sharp decline to 88.3 in 2022, and a slight increase to 89.5 projected for 2025, with 100 as the neutral line between optimism and pessimism.
Infographic highlighting China's economic challenges, including a rapidly aging population, weak domestic demand, and a heavy debt burden. It provides statistics on population demographics, household consumption as a share of GDP, and total debt as a percentage of GDP compared to other countries.

Beijing’s top tourist attractions, from the old standbys to the hidden gems

By RICK DUNHAM

In more than 13 years in Beijing, I’ve visited just about every museum I could find. As a history major and a journalism professor, I’ve explored dozens of sites with ties to Chinese history and some that even pre-date modern humans. I’ve hiked the Great Wall 40 times, from its western terminus in Gansu province to the Yalu River bordering North Korea.

I’ve seen domestic tourism explode in China and the number of museums in the nation more than doubled. Visiting cultural sites “has become trendy among citizens in Beijing,” says Yin Li, secretary of the CPC Beijing Municipal Committee. Tourism is a much more user-friendly experience today than it was a decade ago, from ubiquitous QR codes to more modern toilet facilities.

Beijing boasts hundreds – yes, hundreds – of museums, cultural attractions, parks, historical sites and other locations for visitors to see. As Irina Bokova, former director-general of UNESCO, said recently, “the city bears witness to more than 3,000 years of cultural history.”

There’s no way to see it all in a short visit. Or even if you are here for a year or two. But try to pack in as much as you can in whatever time you have. Here are some of the best tourist opportunities Beijing has to offer.


The Core Four

I hope this guide will help you to prioritize your adventures in China’s capital city and environs. It’s a wonderful place to explore. Enjoy!

These are the Beijing tourist attractions that every visitor must see. If your family is visiting, take them there. If someone has just two or three days in town, figure out a way to squeeze all of these in.

The Great Wall

The Global Business Journalism program offers tipsheets on a wide range of subjects.

Photo by Rick Dunham

The Forbidden City

The Global Business Journalism program offers tipsheets on a wide range of subjects.
Photo from Rachel Weiss/Facebook

The Summer Palace

The Global Business Journalism program offers tipsheets on a wide range of subjects.
Photo by Rick Dunham

The Temple of Heaven

The Global Business Journalism program offers tipsheets on a wide range of subjects.
Photo by Rick Dunham

Memorable sites you don’t want to miss

Everyone has to make choices. You can’t see everything. But there are some places that you should try to find time to see, whether your visitor is here for four days or three months.

Many of these memorable sites can be combined with the must-see sites on a single itinerary. Yuanmingyuan is close to the Summer Palace and can be visited together in an outing. The same is true of the National Museum, Tian’anmen and the Forbidden City (admittedly, a very long and intense day). And the Beijing Zoo, with its delightful pandas, is a short subway ride away from the city center.

Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park

Ruins of ornate stone structures with intricate carvings, surrounded by greenery and remnants of columns.

The ruins of Yuanmingyuan are one of the most stunning parks in Beijing. They range from traditional Chinese architecture of the Ming era to Italian-Chinese fusion palaces of the 18th century. All were destroyed by British and French invaders. (Photo by Rick Dunham)

The National Museum

The Global Business Journalism program offers tipsheets on a wide range of subjects.
Photo by Rick Dunham

Tian’anmen Square

The Global Business Journalism program offers tipsheets on a wide range of subjects.
Photo by Rick Dunham

Lama Temple (Yong He Gong)

Lama Temple Yong HeGong

The Beijing Zoo

Panda at Beijing Zoo
Photo by Rick Dunham

Highly recommended half-day trips outside of the city

If you have access to an automobile, or have enough spending money to rent a driver for a few hours, these historically significant sites are well worth your time.

Marco Polo Bridge (Lugou Qiao)

Marco Polo Bridge Lugou Qiao
Photo by Rick Dunham

Anti-Japanese resistance museum and Wanping walled town

Anti-Japanese resistance museum in Wanping Beijing

Zhoukoudian (Peking Man caves, park and museum)

Zhoukoudian Peking Man caves park
Rick and friends at Zhoukoudian

Ming Tombs

Ming tombs historical photo

A historical photo of the Ming Tombs, circa 1950s.

Jiaozhuanghu tunnels and exhibit

Jiazhuanghu tunnels
The tunnels were built to resist Japanese occupiers in the 1930s and 1940s. (Photo from Beijing Hikers)

The Second Tier — but still first rate

Everyone has to make choices. These are all great options, if you have time to visit. Look at a map and try to cluster as many sites that are in the same general vicinity as possible. For example, you can visit Jingshan or Behai after a trip to the Forbidden City. Or combine the Bell and Drum Tower with a visit to Houhai for food, recreation or tourism.

The Bell Tower and Drum Tower

The Drum Tower

The Drum Tower between the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the Japanese invasion.

Jingshan (Coal Hill)

Jingshan Coal Hill
The Forbidden City from Jingshan (Screen grab from CGTN)

Beihai Park

Beihai Park

Olympic complex

Birds Nest in Beijing Olympic Park

Military Museum

Military Museum in Beijing

A young boy practices on a jet aircraft simulator at the Military Museum. (Photo by Rick Dunham)


Hidden Gems

These stops are not in many tour books. But they are all memorable.

Beijing Ancient Observatory

Beijing Ancient Observatory
Photo by Rick Dunham

Beijing Ming City Wall Ruins Park

Beijing Ming City Wall Ruins Park
Photo by Rick Dunham

Confucius Temple

Confucius Temple

Photo by Rick Dunham

Paleozoological Museum of China

Paleozoological Museum

The universities: Tsinghua and Beida

Tsinghua University Old Gate

Photo by Rick Dunham

Tea tours

Tea tours

Hutong tours

Hutong tours

New and Nice

Beijing has been on a museum building binge in recent years as the ruling Communist Party underscores Xi Jinping’s theme of “the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” Among the results are some interesting new museums that showcase Chinese traditional culture, historical accomplishments and modern might.

Museum of the Communist Party of China

Museum of the Communist Party of China

Chinese Traditional Culture Museum

Chinese Traditional Culture Museum

The Grand Canal Museum

The Grand Canal Museum
Photo by Rick Dunham

Hiking and outdoor activities

Chinese families love to spend weekends outdoors. Older people spend much of their leisure time in the city’s plethora of parks. Young couples also stroll through the romantic and beautiful surroundings. Whatever your mood, there is a park for you. Whether you are seeking flowers, or a challenging hike, or 50 kinds of bamboo – you can find it somewhere in the Big City. Sometimes it’s free. Otherwise, the entry fee is inexpensive.

Purple Bamboo Park

Purple Bamboo Park

More than 50 varieties of bamboo are on view at Purple Bamboo Park, located near the zoo. The purple bamboo is the most famous, of course. The yellow duck boats are a favorite for visitors.

Fragrant Hills (Xiangshan)

Fragrant Hills
The palace atop Fragrant Hills. Mao and his high command stayed in these hills overlooking northwestern Beijing while planning their takeover of the national government in 1949. It is famous for its burst of colors in the fall.

Olympic Forest Park

Olympic Forest Park
The Olympic tower from Olympic Forest Park (Photo by Rick Dunham)

China National Botanical Garden

China National Botanical Garden

This massive park is known to many locals as the Beijing Botanical Garden. (Photo by Rick Dunham)

Ritan Park (Temple of the Sun)

Ritan Park
Photo by Rick Dunham

Popular with younger people

Several zones in Beijing are particularly popular among younger people for their combinations of culture, restaurants, art, entertainment, bars, diverse nightlife, and, yes, even some museums tucked away for further exploration. Many of them are near hutong neighborhoods, which add to their charm, though they can cause you confusion and minutes lost while looking for your destination.

Houhai

Houhai
The lake district just south of the Bell and Drum towers pulses with energy day and night. There are restaurants, shops, bars, live music establishments, museums and much more. Couples young and old stroll along the banks of the interconnected collection of canals (called lakes). It’s named for the Back Lake: Houhai. (Photo by Rick Dunham)

Sanlitun

Sanlitun

Sanlitun, with its alleys, hutongs and gleaming glass shopping malls, is the social center for young professionals, students and the diplomatic set.

Wudaokou

Wudaokou
The U-Center is the social heart of Wudaokou, home to Tsinghua, Beida and several other prominent universities, along with tech and science companies.

798 Art District (Dashanzi)

798 Arts District

An old warehouse area has been transformed into the funky arts district. For a quarter-century, it is the closest thing Beijing has to a Bohemian quarter, with galleries, cafés and gathering spots for the intellectual set, both Chinese and expat.


Your top tourist attractions in Beijing?

Do you have any more tourist destinations you’d like to add to the list? Please post a comment and explain why you would add your favorite place to this compilation.


Timeline: Earth’s average temperature since the last Ice Age

I teach my multimedia students in the Global Business Journalism Program the importance of using graphics to tell stories. Timelines are one of the most effective narrative storytelling tools. This is one of the best timelines I’ve ever seen. It’s a history of Earth’s average temperature since the last Ice Age glaciation. Scroll to the end for a surprise. (Well, it’ll be a surprise to some of you.)

Thanks to xkcd for creating this ingenious timeline. It is reproduced under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 License.

earth_temperature_timeline